Phthalate esters (PEs) are endocrine-disrupting pollutants that are ubiquitous in the environment and can be degraded by microorganisms. In this study, we investigated the kinetics and pathway of biodegradation of di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dimethyl phthalate (DMP) by cyanobacteria Anabaena flos-aquae G. S. West (strain 4054) and two strains of Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. (strain 2396 and strain SM). Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and a deuterium-labeled compound were used to analyze the degrading intermediates. The findings revealed that all three organisms were capable of metabolizing PE, and that among these organisms, A. flos-aquae achieved the highest degradation. Additionally, the biodegradation of DBP, DEP, and DMP followed first-order kinetics. Moreover, the results of the enzymatic study suggested that PE was degraded through transesterification on the side chains rather than deesterification. Finally, experiments using deuterium-labeled DBP showed that there were two degradation pathways: C16→ C14→ C12→ C10→ C8 and C16→ C15→ C13→ C11→ C9. Based on our results, the biodegradation pathway of PE for cyanobacteria was suggested.
Saturday, October 23, 2010
BIODEGRADATION OF PHTHALATE ESTERS BY CYANOBACTERIA1
ENDOGENOUS CYTOKININS, AUXINS, AND ABSCISIC ACID IN RED ALGAE FROM BRAZIL1
Endogenous cytokinins, auxins, and abscisic acid (ABA) were identified and quantified in 11 red algae collected from the Brazilian coast. Field materials and two isolates cultured in the laboratory were extracted with various solvents and buffers containing a mixture of appropriate internal standards, purified by solid-phase extraction followed by immunoaffinity chromatography, and analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Isoprenoid cytokinins (free and conjugated forms of isopentenyladenine [iP], cis-zeatin [cZ], and trans-zeatin [tZ]) were detected in all species with concentrations of cZ and iP forms being higher than tZ forms. Dihydrozeatin (DHZ) and its metabolites were only detected at very low levels in nine of the studied species. Aromatic cytokinins (6-benzylaminopurine [BA], ortho- and meta-topolin [oT and mT]) were not detected in any of the samples. The cytokinin profile of Chondracanthus teedei (Mert. ex Roth) Kütz. was distinct in comparison to other species with para-topolin (pT) derivatives detected in low concentrations. The main auxins present in all species were free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-acetamide (IAM). Indole-3-ethanol (IEt), indole-3-acetyl glutamic acid (IAGlu), and indole-3-acetyl leucine (IALeu) were detected in a few species at low concentrations. ABA was present in all species analyzed except for Hypnea nigrescens Grev. ex J. Agardh. No ABA conjugates were detected in any species. These results confirm that cytokinins, auxins, and ABA were common constituents in red seaweeds, with this being the first report of the occurrence of ABA in Rhodophyta. The complexity of the hormone profiles suggests that plant hormones play a role in regulating physiological processes in Rhodophyta.
MICROSENSOR MEASUREMENTS OF THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL MICROENVIRONMENT OF FUCUS VESICULOSUS (PHAEOPHYCEAE)1
We investigated the O2, pH, and irradiance microenvironment in and around the tissue of the brown alga Fucus vesiculosus L. using microsensors. Microsensors are ideal tools for gaining new insights into what limits and controls macroalgal activity and growth at very fine spatial (<100 μm) and temporal (seconds) scales. This first microsensor investigation of a fucoid macroalga revealed differences in the microenvironment and metabolic activities at the level of different cell layers and thallus structures. F. vesiculosus responded quickly to rapid shifts in irradiance resulting in a highly dynamic microenvironment around and within its thallus. In combination with detailed morphological studies and molecular approaches, microsensors offer a promising toolbox to quantitatively describe structural and functional adaptations of macroalgae to environmental conditions, such as flow and light climate, as well as their physiological responses to environmental stressors.
ALLOPOLYPLOIDY IN NATURAL AND CULTIVATED POPULATIONS OF PORPHYRA (BANGIALES, RHODOPHYTA)1
To confirm whether allopolyploidy occurs in samples of previously identified Porphyra yezoensis Ueda, P. tenera Kjellm., and P. yezoensis × P. tenera from natural and cultivated populations, we examined these samples by using PCR-RFLP and microsatellite analyses of multiple nuclear and chloroplast regions [nuclear regions: type II DNA topoisomerase gene (TOP2), actin-related protein 4 gene (ARP4), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and three microsatellite loci; chloroplast region: RUBISCO spacer]. Except for the ITS region, these multiple nuclear markers indicated that the wild strain MT-1 and the cultivated strain 90-02 (previously identified as P. yezoensis × P. tenera and cultivated P. tenera, respectively) are heterozygous and possess both genotypes of P. tenera and P. yezoensis in the conchocelis phase. Furthermore, gametophytic blades of two pure lines, HG-TY1 and HG-TY2 (F1 strains of MT-1 and 90-02, respectively), were also heterozygous, and six chromosomes per single cell could be observed in each blade of the two pure lines. These results demonstrate that allopolyploidy occurs in Porphyra strains derived from both natural and cultivated populations, even though ITS genotypes of these strains showed homogenization toward one parental ITS.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE SENSITIVITY OF NITROGENASE TO OXYGEN IN TWO HETEROCYSTOUS CYANOBACTERIA1
The effect of temperature and oxygen on nitrogenase activity in two heterocystous cyanobacteria, Anabaena variabilis Kütz. ATCC29413 and Nostoc sp. PCC7120, was investigated. The cyanobacteria were grown under a 12:12 light:dark (L:D) cycle at 27°C and were subsequently exposed to different temperatures (27, 36, 39, and 42°C) at different steady-state O2 concentrations (20, 10, 5, 0%). Light response curves of nitrogenase activity were recorded under each of these conditions using an online acetylene reduction assay combined with a sensitive laser photoacoustic ethylene detection method. The light response curves were fitted with the rectangular hyperbola model from which the model parameters Nm, Nd, and α were derived. In both strains, nitrogenase activity (Ntot = Nm + Nd) was the highest at 39°C–42°C and at 0% O2. The ratio Ntot/Nd was 4.1 and 3.1 for Anabaena and Nostoc, respectively, indicating that respectively 25% and 33% of nitrogenase activity was supported by respiration (Nd). Ntot/Nd increased with decreasing O2 concentration and with increasing temperature. Hence, each of these factors caused a relative increase in the light-driven nitrogenase activity (Nm). These results demonstrate that photosynthesis and respiration both contribute to nitrogenase activity in Anabaena and Nostoc and that their individual contributions depend on both O2 concentration and temperature as the latter may dynamically alter the flux of O2 into the heterocyst.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE CLASS CRYPTOPHYCEAE TO PHYTOPLANKTON STRUCTURE IN THE GERMAN BIGHT1
The class Cryptophyceae (Division Cryptophyta) contains ecologically relevant species, which are widespread in aquatic environments. However, classification, identification, and enumeration of cryptophytes are challenged by a morphology that must be usually examined with EM to permit species identification. The quantitative importance of this group has been revealed by HPLC data. But ecological information assessing the occurrence or seasonality of cryptophytes in the marine environment is still scarce. Molecular techniques allow for a refined assessment of taxonomically challenging taxa, such as the cryptophytes. In our laboratory, a Phylochip was developed to facilitate and refine the assessment of cryptophyte microalgae. Here, we present the results of an environmental study that took advantage of the Phylochip. The study was designed to elucidate the seasonality and contribution of cryptophytes to phytoplankton structure in the German Bight. The occurrence of cryptophytes in total plankton versus the picoplankton fraction was assessed with the Phylochip between the years 2004 and 2006. Our data indicate that cryptophytes are an important and constant contributor to phytoplankton structure of the German Bight, especially in the picoplankton fraction.
A ONE-SHOT SOLUTION TO BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL CONTAMINATION IN THE GREEN ALGA CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII CULTURE BY USING AN ANTIBIOTIC COCKTAIL1
Keeping sterile stocks or cultures of microalgae is fundamental to microalgae biotechnology as well as basic scientific research. However, contamination by bacteria and/or fungi in microalgae cultures or stocks is often a problem. Here, we have developed a strategy for reducing or eliminating bacterial and fungal contamination by using a cocktail of antibiotics. Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P. A. Dang., a widely used unicellular green alga, has been used as a testing organism. A combination of ampicillin, cefotaxime, and carbendazim removed or reduced contamination by three different bacteria and two different fungi tested. A step-by-step procedure is provided, which is simple, economical, and effective.
MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF GRACILARIA SPECIES INFERRED FROM MOLECULAR MARKERS BELONGING TO THREE DIFFERENT GENOMES1
The nucleotide sequence data of molecular markers 18S rRNA, RUBISCO spacer, and cox2-3 intergenic spacer were integrated to infer the phylogeny of Gracilaria species, collected from the western coast of India, reducing the possibility of misidentification and providing greater phylogenetic resolution. A phylogenetic tree was constructed using cox2-3 and RUBISCO spacer sequences, exhibiting the same clustering but differing slightly from that of the rRNA-based phylogenetic tree. The phylogeny inferred from the combined data set confers an analogous pattern of clustering, compared with those of trees constructed from individual data sets. The combined data set resulted in a phylogeny with better resolution, which supported the clade with higher consistency index, retention index, and bootstrap values. It was observed that Gracilaria foliifera (Forssk.) Børgesen is closer to G. corticata (J. Agardh) J. Agardh varieties, while G. salicornia (C. Agardh) E. Y. Dawson and G. fergusonii J. Agardh both originated from the same clade. The position of G. textorii (Suringar) De Toni faltered and toppled between G. salicornia and G. dura (C. Agardh) J. Agardh; however, G. gracilis (Stackh.) M. Steentoft, L. M. Irvine et W. F. Farnham was evidently distant from the rest of the species.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF A LYCOPENE β-CYCLASE GENE FROM THE ASTAXANTHIN-PRODUCING GREEN ALGA CHLORELLA ZOFINGIENSIS (CHLOROPHYTA)1
The isolation, characterization, and regulation by light and nitrogen of the lycopene β-cyclase gene from Chlorella zofingiensis Dönz (CzlcyB), involved in the biosynthesis of astaxanthin and lutein, have been performed in this work. These carotenoids are of high commercial value as dyes in food and as nutraceuticals. The open reading frame (ORF) of CzlcyB encoded a polypeptide of 546 amino acids. A single copy of CzlcyB has been found in C. zofingiensis. The chararacteristic Rossmann or dinucleotide binding fold, present in most lycopene cyclases, has been also identified in the LCYb of C. zofingiensis (CzLCYb). Heterologous genetic complementation in Escherichia coli showed the ability of the predicted protein to cycle both lycopene and δ-carotene. Phylogenetic analysis has shown that the deduced protein forms a cluster with the rest of the lycopene β-cyclases (LCYb) of the chlorophycean microalgae studied, being very closely related to LCYb of plants. Transcript levels of CzlcyB were increased under nitrogen deprivation, but no increase was observed under high-light conditions. However, high irradiance triggered astaxanthin synthesis, while nitrogen deprivation by itself could not induce it. The combination of high irradiance and nitrogen deprivation led to a significant enhancement of the astaxathin accumulation.
Thursday, August 26, 2010
Quality analysis of commercial Chlorella products used as dietary supplement in human nutrition
Chlorella vulgaris is one of the best-studied phototrophic eukaryotes. From the 1950s on, C. vulgaris and some other algal species were cultivated in huge quantities to meet the growing demand for alternative protein sources.
After drying, algal biomass can be merchandised as tablets, capsules, extract or powder with specific biochemical qualities.
However, the products quality, e.g. the containing species, microbial contamination or content and quality of pigments varies
enormously. In this study, commercial Chlorella products, unprocessed Chlorella powders and several production strains were investigated. Molecular analysis of the 18S rDNA confirmed either the existence
of more than one species per product or only other green algae species in about half of the samples tested. Many of the examined
samples contained critical amounts of bacterial contaminations. Furthermore, cyanobacteria were detected in some of the samples.
The content of chlorophyll a varied greatly between the samples and pheophytin, a degradation product of chlorophyll, was detected in some samples in
large concentrations. These data indicate that quality control of microalgal products is an important issue that should be
addressed by the manufactures.
- Content Type Journal Article
- DOI 10.1007/s10811-009-9455-4
- Authors
- Manuela Görs, University of Rostock Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3 18051 Rostock Germany
- Rhena Schumann, University of Rostock Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3 18051 Rostock Germany
- Dominik Hepperle, SequentiX, Digital DNA Processing Dorfstrasse 20 18249 Klein Raden Germany
- Ulf Karsten, University of Rostock Institute of Biological Sciences, Applied Ecology Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3 18051 Rostock Germany
- Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
- Online ISSN 1573-5176
- Print ISSN 0921-8971
Biofuels, facts, fantasy, and feasibility
commonly grown as crops for food. There is no firm evidence for this belief. On the contrary, there is much experience which
shows that algae are not more but less productive. Under optimal conditions, all green organisms photosynthesize at the same
rate in low light and, whilst commonly cultivated ‘sun’ species show some differences in rate in full light, these do not
translate into widely different rates of accumulation of biomass. Accordingly, irrespective of crop, one acre of land, pond
or bioreactor, can annually yield about enough biomass to fuel one motor vehicle or meet the calorific requirement of several
people. This amount of biomass is not sufficient to make other than a very small contribution to our present road transport
requirements and yet contributes significantly to global food shortages and rising prices. Reliable evidence also suggests
that, if all of the inputs are taken into account, the net energy gain of liquid biofuels, derived either from algae or terrestrial
crops, is either very modest or non-existent and will therefore bring about little or no sparing of carbon dioxide emissions.
- Content Type Journal Article
- DOI 10.1007/s10811-009-9446-5
- Authors
- David Alan Walker, University of Sheffield Sheffield UK
- Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
- Online ISSN 1573-5176
- Print ISSN 0921-8971
- Journal Volume Volume 21
- Journal Issue Volume 21, Number 5 / October, 2009
Utilization of immobilized benthic algal species for N and P removal
microalgae species isolated from different sources of pig manure. Cells immobilized in calcium alginate beads were cultured
with three replicates for each species. P removal rates obtained for the unicellular self-aggregating benthic species (Palmellopsis gelatinosa, Chlorosarcinopsis sp., and Macrochloris sp.) were markedly higher than those obtained in previous published experiments. N removal rates were highest for Macrochloris sp., Chlorosarcinopsis sp., and Euglena sp. 2 and comparable to the maximum rates obtained by other authors. Our results show an excellent efficiency of autochthonous
benthic species for nutrient removal, especially for P, and call attention to their use for wastewater treatment.
- Content Type Journal Article
- DOI 10.1007/s10811-009-9456-3
- Authors
- Carmen Pérez-Martínez, University of Granada Institute of Water Research Ramón y Cajal 4 18071 Granada Spain
- Pedro Sánchez-Castillo, University of Granada Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences 18071 Granada Spain
- Maria Valle Jiménez-Pérez, University of Granada Department of Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences 18071 Granada Spain
- Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
- Online ISSN 1573-5176
- Print ISSN 0921-8971
Heavy metals dynamics in seaweeds and seagrasses in Bahía Magdalena, B.C.S., México
concentration at different trophic levels and their temporal or spatial variation. Because of that, we were interested to
(1) determine the concentration range of heavy metals in seaweed and seagrasses species in Magdalena Bay; (2) describe the
spatial and temporal variation of heavy metal concentrations in the seaweeds and seagrasses. Seasonal collections were done
at Estero Banderitas in November 2004, February, and April 2005 wherein we divided the estuary into three major areas (upper,
middle, and lower), and within each area, two sites were selected. Our results showed that iron, copper, and magnesium were
the most significant metals found in seagrasses, red, and green algae. We found significant more variation in temporal heavy
metal concentrations in relation to the maximum abundance in the samples and spatial variation in relation to the studied
taxa suggesting that hervibores have a differential intake of the metals. Also, our results suggest that heavy metals might
be incorporated regularly in the diet of many herbivorous animals with severe consequences to their health. Management strategies
for these species should consider monitoring the levels of metals.
- Content Type Journal Article
- DOI 10.1007/s10811-009-9457-2
- Authors
- R. Riosmena-Rodríguez, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina La Paz Baja California Sur 23080 Mexico
- A. Talavera-Sáenz, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California Sur Programa de Investigación en Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Marina La Paz Baja California Sur 23080 Mexico
- B. Acosta-Vargas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR) Mar Bermejo #195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita. A.P. 128 23090 La Paz Baja California Sur Mexico
- S. C. Gardner, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C. (CIBNOR) Mar Bermejo #195, Col. Playa Palo de Santa Rita. A.P. 128 23090 La Paz Baja California Sur Mexico
- Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
- Online ISSN 1573-5176
- Print ISSN 0921-8971
Development of a rapid and effective method for preparing delicate dinoflagellates for scanning electron microscopy
mercuric chloride = 5:1 v/v) for 10 min, washed in 0.05 M sodium cacodylate trihydrate buffer for 2 min, dehydrated in tert-butanol for 10 min and dried with hexamethyldisilazane in air for 3 min in a fume hood because reagents are very toxic. This
method could be completed in 25 min. Compared with other preparative techniques, the present protocol has significant advantages
for SEM observation by limiting distortion of delicate specimens and reducing the preparation time.
- Content Type Journal Article
- DOI 10.1007/s10811-009-9461-6
- Authors
- Seung Won Jung, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute South Sea Institute Geoje 656-830 Republic of Korea
- Hyoung Min Joo, Sangmyung University Department of Life Science Seoul 110-743 Republic of Korea
- Joon Sang Park, Sangmyung University Department of Life Science Seoul 110-743 Republic of Korea
- Jin Hwan Lee, Sangmyung University Department of Life Science Seoul 110-743 Republic of Korea
- Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
- Online ISSN 1573-5176
- Print ISSN 0921-8971
M. E. Gershwin, A. Belay (eds). Spirulina in human nutrition and health
M. E. Gershwin, A. Belay (eds). Spirulina in human nutrition and health
- Content Type Journal Article
- DOI 10.1007/s10811-009-9467-0
- Authors
- Michael A. Borowitzka, Murdoch University School of Biological Sciences & Biotechnology Perth WA 6150 Australia
- Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
- Online ISSN 1573-5176
- Print ISSN 0921-8971
- Journal Volume Volume 21
- Journal Issue Volume 21, Number 6 / December, 2009
Epiphytism of Gracilaria cliftonii (Withell, Millar & Kraft) from Western Australia
to the surface of the host however, genera such as Polysiphonia spp. and Ceramium spp. can penetrate into the host tissue affecting its growth and hence productivity. The present paper aims to identify and
quantify epiphyte abundance and characterise their attachment and penetration on the natural populations of Gracilaria cliftonii collected from Shoalwater Marine Park, Perth, Western Australia. G. cliftonii samples were collected monthly for 1 year and their epiphytes were identified. Histological studies of G. cliftonii were also performed on epiphyte attachment sites. Twenty-four species of macroalgae epiphytes were recorded, 21 belonging
to Rhodophyta and 3 to Chlorophyta. Hypnea episcopalis and Polysiphonia forfex were the dominant (p < 0.05) species during the sampling period. The maximum epiphytic load was observed in October (40%), however, the maximum
diversity of epiphytes was recorded in September and February (n = 14). Light and scanning electron microscopy studies of the epiphyte attachment sites revealed that P. forfex and Ceramium isogonum penetrated into the cortex and outer medulla of G. cliftonii, while Bryopsis plumosa and Laurencia clavata altered the cellular structure of the cell wall of G. cliftonii.
- Content Type Journal Article
- DOI 10.1007/s10811-009-9469-y
- Authors
- Julieta Muñoz, Curtin University of Technology School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences GPO Box U1987 Perth Western Australia Australia
- Ravi Fotedar, Curtin University of Technology School of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences GPO Box U1987 Perth Western Australia Australia
- Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
- Online ISSN 1573-5176
- Print ISSN 0921-8971
Harvesting Chlorella minutissima using cell coagulants
ferric, and zinc salts coagulated C. minutissima cultures, while optimum concentration was 0.75 and 0.5 g L−1 for sulfate and chloride salts, respectively. Aluminum salts were most efficient, but caused some cell lysis, which may render
this approach inappropriate in some cases. Ferric and zinc salts were ranked second and third, respectively, according to
their culture cell-coagulation efficiency. Ferric salts caused a change in the color of the cells, mainly at concentrations
higher than 1 g L−1. Zinc salts were less harmful for the microalgal cells, but an additional problem was observed with cell aggregates adhering
to the walls of the glass test tubes. Selection of the appropriate coagulant is related to the purpose of the coagulation
process.
- Content Type Journal Article
- DOI 10.1007/s10811-009-9465-2
- Authors
- Aikaterini Papazi, Institute of Aquaculture Hellenic Center for Marine Research P.O. Box 2214 71003 Heraklion Crete Greece
- Pavlos Makridis, Institute of Aquaculture Hellenic Center for Marine Research P.O. Box 2214 71003 Heraklion Crete Greece
- Pascal Divanach, Institute of Aquaculture Hellenic Center for Marine Research P.O. Box 2214 71003 Heraklion Crete Greece
- Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
- Online ISSN 1573-5176
- Print ISSN 0921-8971
Testing addition of Pseudomonas fluorescens HYK0210-SK09 to mitigate blooms of the diatom Stephanodiscus hantzschii in small- and large-scale mesocosms
of the planktonic community and environments. When SK09 cells were inoculated at a final concentration of 5 × 106 cells mL−1, the abundance of S. hantzschii decreased significantly by 95% in SM and 85% in LM. The microcosm in the laboratory revealed that the abundance of Pseudomonas increased rapidly after inoculation with a corresponding decrease in the S. hantzschii population. Nutrient concentrations increased following the decline in the diatom cells. The abundances of nondominant species
such as Chlamydomonas, Cryptomonas, and Navicula increased slightly with increased nutrient concentrations. The abundance of heterotrophic protists also increased significantly
due to utilization of SK09 as food. The present study demonstrates that SK09 is an effective biocontrol agent for natural
S. hantzschii bloom, and grazing pressure plays a crucial role in the successful application of algicidal bacteria to natural environments.
- Content Type Journal Article
- DOI 10.1007/s10811-009-9473-2
- Authors
- Seung Won Jung, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute South Sea Institute Geoje 656-830 Republic of Korea
- Yoon-Ho Kang, Hanyang University Department of Life Science Seoul 133-791 Republic of Korea
- Toshiya Katano, Saga University Ariake Sea Research Project Saga 840-8502 Japan
- Baik-Ho Kim, Konkuk University Department of Environmental Science Seoul 143-701 Republic of Korea
- Soo-Yeon Cho, Hanyang University Department of Life Science Seoul 133-791 Republic of Korea
- Jin Hwan Lee, Sangmyung University Department of Life Science Seoul 110-743 Republic of Korea
- Young-Ok Kim, Korea Ocean Research and Development Institute South Sea Institute Geoje 656-830 Republic of Korea
- Myung-Soo Han, Hanyang University Department of Life Science Seoul 133-791 Republic of Korea
- Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
- Online ISSN 1573-5176
- Print ISSN 0921-8971
Isolation of algicidal compounds from the red alga Corallina pilulifera against red tide microalgae
after 6 h treatment at 6 µg mL−1, respectively. At high inoculum (1.0 × 104 cells mL−1), the strongest algicidal activity of EPA showed 69.5% after 1 h and 75.5% algicidal activity after 6 h treatment at 6 µg
mL−1, respectively. However, EPA did not show algicidal activity against several microalgae used in aquaculture such as Pavlova lutheri, Tetraselmis suecica, Isochrysis galbana, and Nannochloris oculata for 6 h treatment at 6 µg mL−1. The algicidal activity of the five red tide strains to EPA (3 µg mL−1) showed about 86.6%, 86.6%, and 67.3% algicidal activity against Skeletonema costatum, Chaetoceros curvisetus, and C. polykrikoides after 1 h treatment at low inoculum (5.0 × 102 cells mL−1), respectively, but not against Prorocentrum minimum and Scrippsiella trochoidea. We concluded that EPA might be useful as a controlling agent of harmful algal blooms.
- Content Type Journal Article
- DOI 10.1007/s10811-009-9478-x
- Authors
- Mi-Young Oh, Kangnung-Wonju National University Faculty of Marine Bioscience and Technology Gangneung 210-702 South Korea
- Sang Beum Lee, Kangnung-Wonju National University Faculty of Marine Bioscience and Technology Gangneung 210-702 South Korea
- Deuk-Hee Jin, Kangnung-Wonju National University Faculty of Marine Bioscience and Technology Gangneung 210-702 South Korea
- Yong-Ki Hong, Pukyong National University Department of Biotechnology Busan 608-737 South Korea
- Hyung-Joo Jin, Kangnung-Wonju National University Faculty of Marine Bioscience and Technology Gangneung 210-702 South Korea
- Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
- Online ISSN 1573-5176
- Print ISSN 0921-8971
Seasonal changes in proteomic profiles of Japanese kelp: Saccharina japonica (Laminariales, Phaeophyceae)
were extracted by the ethanol/phenol extraction method, and 564 protein spots in total were detected. Proteins were identified
through database search by combining Mascot and MS BLAST for 100 spots, and significant difference of expression level between
the samples collected in winter and in summer was observed in the case of 95 spots. Within 67 spots upregulated in the samples
collected in summer, vanadium-dependent bromoperoxidase (vBPO) were identified for 21spots. It is thought that the elevation
of expression level of vBPO in summer depend on the activation of the functions: (1) elimination of active oxygen species
and protection of the algal body from oxygen injury, (2) prevention of the growth inhibition due to the adherence of attached
organisms, in the season.
- Content Type Journal Article
- DOI 10.1007/s10811-009-9477-y
- Authors
- Norishige Yotsukura, Hokkaido University Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere Sapporo Hokkaido 060-0809 Japan
- Kouhei Nagai, St. Marianna University School of Medicine Kawasaki Kanagawa 216-8514 Japan
- Hajime Kimura, Fisheries Experimental Station Kushimoto Wakayama 649-3503 Japan
- Kouichi Morimoto, Kinki University Department of Biotechnological Science Kinokawa Wakayama 649-6493 Japan
- Journal Journal of Applied Phycology
- Online ISSN 1573-5176
- Print ISSN 0921-8971
